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In response to the 1987 Amendments to the Clean Water Act (CWA), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) developed Phase I of the NPDES Stormwater Program in 1990. The Phase I program addressed sources of storm water runoff that had the greatest potential to negatively impact water quality.
The Stormwater Phase II Final Rule (December 8, 1999) requires operators of regulated small MS4s to obtain an NPDES permit and develop a stormwater management program designed to prevent harmful pollutants from being washed by stormwater runoff into the MS4 (or from being dumped directly into the MS4) and then discharged from the MS4 into local water bodies.
MS4s are defined as public jurisdictions that own, operate or control stormwater conveyance systems, which include pipes, streets, drains, or features that collect and discharge stormwater to surface water networks or other jurisdictions conveyance systems. EMU and the City of Ypsilanti qualify as MS4s and are required to implement programs and practices to control the respective polluted stormwater runoff.
Programs must include the development and implementation of best management practices (BMPs) and measurable goals for the following six minimum measures, and include evaluation and reporting efforts: